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Maintenance Section
Lubricant Specifications
Three new engine tests were developed for the
API CH-4 oil. The first test specifically evaluates
deposits on pistons for engines with the two-piece
steel piston. This test (piston deposit) also measures
the control of oil consumption. A second test is
conducted with moderate oil soot. The second
test measures the following criteria: wear of piston
rings, wear of cylinder liners, and resistance to
corrosion. A third new test measures the following
characteristics with high levels of soot in the oil:
wear of the valve train, resistance of the oil in
plugging the oil filter, and control of sludge.
In addition to the new tests, API CH-4 oils have
tougher limits for viscosity control in applications
that generate high soot. The oils also have improved
oxidation resistance. API CH-4 oils must pass an
additional test (piston deposit) for engines that use
aluminum pistons (single piece). Oil performance is
also established for engines that operate in areas
with high sulfur diesel fuel.
All of these improvements allow the API CH-4 oil
to achieve optimum oil change intervals. API CH-4
oils are recommended for use in extended oil
change intervals. API CH-4 oils are recommended
for conditions that demand a premium oil. Your
Caterpillar dealer has specific guidelines for
optimizing oil change intervals.
API CG-4 – API CG-4 oils were developed primarily
for diesel engines that use a 0.05 percent level of
fuel sulfur. However, API CG-4 oils can be used
with higher sulfur fuels. The TBN of the new oil
determines the maximum fuel sulfur level for API
CG-4 and API CF-4 oils. See Illustration 2.
API CG-4 oils are the first oils that are required to
pass industry standard tests for foam control and
viscosity shear loss. API CG-4 oils must also pass
tests that were developed for corrosion, wear and
oxidation.
API CF-4 – These oils service a wide variety of
modern diesel engines. API CF-4 oils provide more
stable oil control and reduced piston deposits in
comparison to API CF and the obsolete CE and CD
classifications of oil. API CF-4 oils provide improved
soot dispersancy in comparison to API CF and
obsolete CD oils. The API CF-4 classification was
developed with a 0.40 percent sulfur diesel fuel.
This represents the type of diesel fuels that are
commonly available worldwide.
Note: Do not use single grade API CF oils or
multigrade API CF oils in Caterpillar Direct Injection
(DI) Commercial Diesel Engines.
Some commercial oils that meet the API
classifications may require reduced oil change
intervals. To determine the oil change interval,
closely monitor the condition of the oil and perform a
wear metal analysis. Caterpillar’sS·O·S oil analysis
program is the preferred method.
NOTICE
Failure to follow these oil recommendations can cause
shortened engine service life due to deposits and/or
excessive wear.
Total Base Number (TBN) and Fuel
Sulfur Levels for Direct Injection
(DI) Diesel Engines
The Total Base Number (TBN) for an oil depends on
the fuel sulfur level. For direct injection engines that
use distillate fuel, the minimum TBN of the new oil
must be 10 times the fuel sulfur level. The TBN is
defined by “ASTM D2896”. The minimum TBN of
the oil is 5 regardless of fuel sulfur level. Illustration
2 demonstrates the TBN.
g00104890
Illustration 2
(Y) TBN by “ASTM D2896”
(X) Percentage of fuel sulfur by weight
(1) TBN of new oil
(2) Change the oil when the TBN deteriorates to 50 percent of
the original TBN.
Use the following guidelines for fuel sulfur levels
that exceed 1.5 percent:
•
Choose an oil with the highest TBN that meets
one of these classifications: EMA LRG-1, API
CH-4, API CG-4, and API CF-4.
•
Reduce the oil change interval. Base the oil
change interval on the oil analysis. Ensure that
the oil analysis includes the condition of the oil
and a wear metal analysis.
Excessive piston deposits can be produced by an
oil with a high TBN. These deposits can lead to a
loss of control of the oil consumption and to the
polishing of the cylinder bore.
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